Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Scientific Meetings
PSI Webinar: Wearable Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities
Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Training Courses
PSI Webinar: Wearable Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities
Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Journal Club
PSI Webinar: Wearable Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities
Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Webinars
PSI Webinar: Wearable Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities
Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Careers Meetings
PSI Webinar: Wearable Technologies - Challenges and Opportunities
Date: Tuesday 2nd March 2021 Time: 14:00-16:00 GMT Speakers: Kirsty Hicks (GSK), Edoardo Lisi (GSK), Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel) and Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA).
Who is this event intended for? Anyone working with digital health data; Clinician, Regulator, Investigator, Academic, Ethics Committee, Statistician, Data Scientist. What is the benefit of attending? Understand the benefits of continuous digital health data but also its challenges in terms of processing and analysis.
Registration
You can now register for this event.
This event is free of charge to Members of PSI.
Non Members can register at a cost of £20.00 + VAT.
Wearable technologies and digital health data offer great opportunities for studying patients functionally in real life settings. Many of us will be familiar in our daily lives with wearable sensors in the form of smart watches. Actigraphy, for example, can be used as part of clinical trials to collect continuous movement data, but the frequency of data collection results in dense datasets requiring extensive processing and signal detection. The handling of this data throws up many challenges; whether wearing time was sufficient, if missing data was informative, daily or weekly patterns and weekdays versus weekends, to name only a few. In this webinar, a panel of expert speakers will discuss how such aspects can be addressed to help realize the promise of these technologies.
Speaker details
Speaker
Biography
Abstract
Kirsty Hicks (GSK)
Kirsty is a Senior Statistics Director at GSK, having joined in 2001 from Roche where she worked as a late phase statistician for a number of years. Throughout her time at GSK Kirsty has supported all gastrointestinal assets in the early phase portfolio covering diseases such as ulcerative colitis and irritable bowel syndrome; supported numerous immunological-inflammatory assets across a wide range of diseases; and more recently heads up the Cancer Epigenetics Biostatistics group. Throughout this time Kirsty has managed an ever growing team of statisticians in addition to being heavily involved in numerous non project initiatives. More recently these have included exploring experimental medicine analysis methods; facilitating prior elicitations and leading the biostatistics team investigating the incorporation and analysis of complex digital data into clinical trials. Kirsty also currently leads the UK Oncology Biostatistics team, working closely with Oncology Biostatistics teams in the US, India, Japan and China.
Advanced Analytics of Digital Data: A focus on sensor data.
What is the evolving area of Digital data you may ask? Nowadays most of us will be wearing a watch monitoring some aspect of our movement or use phone apps that collect health information. The data collected can be referred to as digital biomarkers, and this data, in particular sensor technology is becoming a common feature in clinical trials.
Digital data can be used to collect information on sleep patterns, respiration rate, step count and continuous monitoring of heart rate and energy expenditure. Collecting data through digital devices also increases patient engagement and can provide real time compliance monitoring. The regulations for use of digital technologies in clinical trials are still evolving, and current recommendations for the analysis of such data are limited.
Utilising sensors, and collecting actigraphy data, is a non-invasive method of monitoring activity. An actigraph sensor is worn for a time period (eg a week or more) to measure activity. The movements the actigraph undergoes are continually recorded; where 300 data points per second can be collected. As a statistician initial questions that spring to mind include ‘How can this volume of data be analysed or represented visually?’ Obvious summary measures would include average step count over a day; or the percentage of time a patient is active or sedentary. But a lot of information is lost, what about the raw data? For example, the energy used at the minute level or even second level? Statistical methods that can be applied to this data are under investigation and this presentation will introduce some of these.
Edoardo Lisi (GSK)
Edoardo Lisi is a Clinical Statistician based in the UK. He has been at GSK since 2018, working in Phase 1 and Phase 2 studies. He is a member of GSK’s Advanced Analytics for Digital Data (AADD) group, where he is focused on the statistical analysis of physical activity data from wearable devices.
Using Generalised Additive Models (GAMs) to analyse wearable data.
Many diseases impact the ability of patients to perform physical activity. The use of digital wearable devices equipped with sensors that continuously collect actigraphy data in clinical studies represents a great opportunity to better understand patient populations and how diseases limit their mobility. However, wearable devices produce vast amounts of data (e.g. second-by-second or minute-by-minute over several weeks). The statistical analysis of such type of data to assess the impact of an intervention is challenging. Ideas proposed in the literature suggest to summarise physical activity through indices of total activity or indices of activity fragmentation. However, there is no consensus yet in the scientific community with respect to how to best analyse actigraphy data. Producing numerical indices condensing long minute-by-minute time-series into one single value may lead to loss of information. Here we describe using generalised additive models (GAMs) to analyse the entire time series. We apply GAMs to the analysis of minute-by-minute activity data in a real case study and show how GAMs can account for the different sources of variation specific to this type of data (e.g. time of the day, weekday vs. weekend) thus better exploiting the information contained in the actigraphy data. We also illustrate how GAMs can help to detect differences not only in volume of activity but also in the shape, i.e. in how the activity spreads over the day.
Munshi Imran Hossain (Cytel)
Munshi Imran Hossain is an Associate Consultant in the Quantitative Strategies & Data Science group at Cytel. Imran has about 9 years of experience, working in the areas of software development and data science. He is a biomedical engineer by training and has interests in the processing and analysis of biomedical data including data from sensors, gene expression data and protein biomarker data among others. He is also a member of PSI's Special Interest Group for Data Science.
Processing and Analysis of Accelerometer Data in Subjects with Neurodegenerative Disorders.
Today, sensors have become an essential component of the healthcare ecosystem. They generate valuable data that can be processed to create insights to help improve healthcare. Wearable sensors take this a step further by allowing these systems to be "worn" by subjects. This allows for continuous monitoring and hopefully, timely alerts.
The challenge, however, is to process the vast stream of data generated from sensors and extract useful information. This is an involved exercise needing signal processing and statistical expertise. In this case study, I will present the processing and analysis of data generated from an accelerometer. The objective is to be able to detect difficulty in a physiological process among subjects with neurodegenerative disorders. I will give a glimpse into the kinds of features that can be extracted from raw accelerometer data which, in turn, can be used to build machine learning models.
Andrew Potter (CDER, FDA)
Dr. Andrew Potter is a mathematical statistician in the Division of Biometrics I in CDER supporting the review work in the Division of Psychiatry. His research interests include the use of digital health technologies in clinical trials and the analysis of high frequency outcome data and in involved in working groups at FDA on this topic. He received his PhD in Biostatistics from the University of Pittsburgh.
With recent developments in wearable biosensors and portable electronics (collectively referred to as digital health technology – DHT) , many clinical trials propose measuring endpoints using a DHT. DHTs record data at a higher frequency than traditional clinician/patient observed data. For example, a wearable accelerometer records data multiple times a second every day during follow-up (lasting multiple weeks). Clinical endpoints are derived from this high frequency data. Examples include:
Trials where an experimental drug is hypothesized to improve exercise capacity with the endpoint of daily time spent at or above a specified exercise intensity
Trials where daily sleep parameters are measured by a one or more sensors
To estimate and test treatment effects measured in these cases, several statistics issues must be addressed. Unlike current endpoint measurements, DHTs provide endpoint measurements for every day worn. In the case that different days (e.g., weekends vs. weekdays) are combined to form endpoints, treatment effect estimates may be biased or miss important disease features if days are not exchangeable. With the greater amount of data collected, missing data can occur in multiple ways (e.g., a missing observation within a day, missing a day within a week, monotone dropout).
This talk discusses potential issues arising in exercise endpoints if a DHT is worn for different times each day during a study. It also discusses a case study exploring how different statistical analyses of a clinical trial for a new insomnia drug are affected by missing data to motivate discussion of statistical considerations in studies using these new data collection tools.
Upcoming Events
Joint PSI/EFSPI Visualisation SIG 'Wonderful Wednesday' Webinars
Our monthly webinar explores examples of innovative data visualisations relevant to our day to day work. Each month a new dataset is provided from a clinical trial or other relevant example, and participants are invited to submit a graphic that communicates interesting and relevant characteristics of the data.
PSI Book Club - The Art of Explanation: How to Communicate with Clarity and Confidence
Develop your non-technical skills by reading The Art of Explanation by Ros Atkins and joining the Sept-Dec 2025 book club. You will be invited to join facilitated discussions of the concepts and ideas and apply skills from the book in-between sessions.
Our monthly webinar will allow attendees to gain practical knowledge and skills in Open-Source coding and tools, with a focus on applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The sessions will provide starting points in a number of areas, correct any common misconceptions and provide valuable resources for further learning.
This course is aimed at biostatisticians with no or some pediatric drug development experience who are interested to further their understanding. We will give you an introduction to the pediatric drug development landscape. This will include identifying the key regulations and processes governing pediatric development, a discussion on the needs and challenges when conducting pediatric research and a focus on the ways to overcome these challenges from a statistical perspective.
This networking event is aimed at statisticians that are new to the pharmaceutical industry who wish to meet colleagues from different companies and backgrounds.
Pre-Clinical SIG Webinar: AI agents for drug discovery and development
AI agents are large language models equipped with tools that can autonomously tackle challenging tasks. This talk will explore how generative AI agents can enable biomedical discovery.
EFSPI/PSI Causal Inference SIG Webinar: Instrumental Variable Methods
The webinar is targeted at statisticians working in the pharmaceutical industry, and the objective is to 1) provide a basic understanding of IV methodology including how it relates to causal inference, and 2) present two inspirational pharma-relevant applications.
The Pre-Clinical Special Interest Group (SIG) Workshop 2025 will take place over two half-days on 7 - 8 October in Verona, Italy, bringing together experts from industry, academia, and regulatory institutions to discuss key challenges and innovations in pre-clinical research.
PSI Training Course: Introduction to Machine Learning
Four sessions will include ML foundation (including an introduction, data exploration for ML and dimensionality reduction and feature selection), Supervised learning (including support vector machines and model evaluation and interpretation), model optimization and unsupervised learning (including clustering) and advanced topics (including neural networks, deep learning and large language models).
The program will feature insightful sessions led by distinguished invited speakers, alongside a poster session showcasing the latest advancements in the field. Further details will be provided.
Date: 19 November 2025
This event is aimed at students with an interest in the field of Medical Statistics, for example within pharmaceuticals, healthcare and/or medical research.
This networking event is aimed at statisticians that are new to the pharmaceutical industry who wish to meet colleagues from different companies and backgrounds.
Associate Director Biostatistics in Early Development - Novartis
As an Associate Director Biostatistics Early Development, you will be a key member of our biostatistics group, you will play a crucial role in the design, analysis, and interpretation of clinical trials for early development programs.
Associate Director Biostatistics, Real World Data - Novartis
If you are passionate about biostatistics and real-world data, and are looking for an exciting opportunity to contribute to groundbreaking research, we encourage you to apply.
Are you passionate about making a difference in the world of healthcare? Novartis is seeking a dynamic and experienced professional to join our team in London at The Westworks.
Director of HTA Biostatistics & Medical Affairs - Novartis
As the Director of HTA Biostatistics & Medical Affairs, you will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of healthcare by providing strategic biostatistical leadership and expertise.
Senior Medical Statistician & Statistical Programmer
An exciting opportunity has arisen for a permanent Senior Medical Statistician & Statistical Programmer to join the UKCRC fully registered Derby Clinical Trials Support Unit (Derby CTSU).
As a Senior Principal Biostatistician, you will be responsible and accountable for all statistical work, both scientific and operational, for one or more assigned clinical trials
We use cookies to collect and analyse information on site performance and usage, to provide social media features and to enhance and customise content and advertisements.
Cookies used on the site are categorized and below you can read about each category and allow or deny some or all of them. When categories than have been previously allowed are disabled, all cookies assigned to that category will be removed from your browser.
Additionally you can see a list of cookies assigned to each category and detailed information in the cookie declaration.
Some cookies are required to provide core functionality. The website won't function properly without these cookies and they are enabled by default and cannot be disabled.
AWS Elastic Load Balancing (ELB) automatically distributes incoming web traffic across multiple servers or services hosted on AWS.
AWSALBTGCORS
AWSALBCORS
Preferences
Preference cookies enables the web site to remember information to customize how the web site looks or behaves for each user. This may include storing selected currency, region, language or color theme.
Analytical cookies
Analytical cookies help us improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.
Vimeo, Inc. is an American video hosting, sharing, services provider, and broadcaster. Vimeo focuses on the delivery of high-definition video across a range of devices.
Cookies used on the site are categorized and below you can read about each category and allow or deny some or all of them. When categories than have been previously allowed are disabled, all cookies assigned to that category will be removed from your browser.
Additionally you can see a list of cookies assigned to each category and detailed information in the cookie declaration.
Some cookies are required to provide core functionality. The website won't function properly without these cookies and they are enabled by default and cannot be disabled.
Necessary cookies
Name
Hostname
Vendor
Expiry
ARRAffinity
.psiweb.org
Session
This cookie is set by websites run on the Windows Azure cloud platform. It is used for load balancing to make sure the visitor page requests are routed to the same server in any browsing session.
ARRAffinitySameSite
.psiweb.org
Session
Used to distribute traffic to the website on several servers in order to optimize response times.
__cf_bm
.vimeo.com
Cloudflare, Inc.
1 hour
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption.
_cfuvid
.vimeo.com
Cloudflare, Inc.
Session
Used by Cloudflare WAF to distinguish individual users who share the same IP address and apply rate limits
__cf_bm
.glueup.com
Cloudflare, Inc.
1 hour
The __cf_bm cookie supports Cloudflare Bot Management by managing incoming traffic that matches criteria associated with bots. The cookie does not collect any personal data, and any information collected is subject to one-way encryption.
AWSALBTGCORS
psi.glueup.com
Amazon Web Services, Inc.
7 days
Used by Target Group-based load balancers for session stickiness.
AWSALBCORS
psi.glueup.com
Amazon Web Services, Inc.
7 days
Maintains session stickiness and secure routing between the user and backend servers through AWS load balancing.
PHPSESSID
psi.glueup.com
Session
Cookie generated by applications based on the PHP language. This is a general purpose identifier used to maintain user session variables. It is normally a random generated number, how it is used can be specific to the site, but a good example is maintaining a logged-in status for a user between pages.
Used by CookieHub to store information about whether visitors have given or declined the use of cookie categories used on the site.
Preferences
Preference cookies enables the web site to remember information to customize how the web site looks or behaves for each user. This may include storing selected currency, region, language or color theme.
Preferences
Name
Hostname
Vendor
Expiry
vuid
.vimeo.com
400 days
These cookies are used by the Vimeo video player on websites.
Analytical cookies
Analytical cookies help us improve our website by collecting and reporting information on its usage.